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Economics of English agriculture in the Middle Ages
The economics of English agriculture in the Middle Ages is the economic history of English agriculture from the Norman invasion in 1066, to the death of Henry VII in 1509. England's economy was fundamentally agricultural throughout the period, though even before the invasion the market economy was important to producers. Norman institutions, including serfdom, were superimposed on an existing system of open fields.
Over the next five centuries the English agricultural economy grew but struggled to support the growing population, and then suffered an acute crisis, resulting in significant political and economic change. By the end of the period, England would have an economy dominated by rented farms, many controlled by the rising class of the gentry.
==English agriculture at the time of the Norman Invasion==
Agriculture formed the bulk of the English economy at the time of the Norman invasion.〔 Twenty years after the invasion, 35% of England was covered in arable land, 25% put to pasture, with 15% covered by woodlands and the remaining 25% predominantly being moorland, fens and heaths.〔Cantor 1982a, pp17-18.〕 Wheat formed the single most important arable crop, but rye, barley and oats were also cultivated extensively.〔
In the more fertile parts of the country such as the Thames valley, the Midlands and the east of England, legumes and beans were also cultivated.〔 Sheep, cattle, oxen and pigs were kept on English holdings, although most of these breed were much smaller than modern equivalents and most would have been slaughtered in winter.〔Dyer, p.25.〕
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